These flame-sealed cells contain a small amount of solid, 98% pure sodium (Na) under vacuum. The concentration of sodium in the vapor phase may be controlled by heating the cell or cooling the tipoff stem. Operating temperatures typically range from 20-200°C. Higher temperatures may cause the sodium to intercalate into the quartz walls and damage the cell. Sodium has intermitant strong absorption lines which are used for calibration of tunable lasers and wavelength meters in the range of 4280-43100 cm (232-2338 nm). They may also be used to stabilize laser frequencies via locking to a single strong absorption line. The quartz cell body is cylindrical in shape; outer diameter 19 mm; length 75 mm. The tipoff stem is centered on the cell, protruding not more than 10 mm from the cell body. Windows are angled 11° off of normal and have a 2° interior wedge to prevent back-reflection and etalon effects.

These flame-sealed cells contain a small amount of solid, 98% pure potassium (K) under vacuum. The concentration of potassium in the vapor phase may be controlled by heating the cell or cooling the tipoff stem. Operating temperatures typically range from 20-50°C. Potassium has intermitant strong absorption lines which are used for calibration of tunable lasers and wavelength meters in the range of 2490-45660 cm (219-4016 nm). They may also be used to stabilize laser frequencies via locking to a single strong absorption line. The quartz cell body is cylindrical in shape; outer diameter 19 mm; length 75 mm. The tipoff stem is centered on the cell, protruding not more than 10 mm from the cell body. Windows are angled 11° off of normal and have a 2° interior wedge to prevent back-reflection and etalon effects.

These flame-sealed cells contain a small amount of solid, 98% pure rubidium (Rb) under vacuum. The concentration of rubidium in the vapor phase may be controlled by heating the cell or cooling the tipoff stem. Operating temperatures typically range from 20-80°C. Rubidium has intermitant strong absorption lines which are used for calibration of tunable lasers and wavelength meters in the range of 6540-48300 cm (207-1529 nm). They may also be used to stabilize laser frequencies via locking to a single strong absorption line. The quartz cell body is cylindrical in shape; outer diameter 19 mm; length 75 mm. The tipoff stem is centered on the cell, protruding not more than 10 mm from the cell body. Windows are angled 11° off of normal and have a 2° interior wedge to prevent back-reflection and etalon effects.

Rb) Reference Cell. These flame-sealed cells contain a small amount of solid, 98% chemically pure, isotopically pure rubidium 85 (Rb) under vacuum. The concentration of rubidium in the vapor phase may be controlled by heating the cell or cooling the tipoff stem. Operating temperatures typically range from 20-80°C. Rubidium has intermitant strong absorption lines which are used for calibration of tunable lasers and wavelength meters in the range of 6540-48300 cm (207-1529 nm). They may also be used to stabilize laser frequencies via locking to a single strong absorption line. The quartz cell body is cylindrical in shape; outer diameter 19 mm; length 75 mm. The tipoff stem is centered on the cell, protruding not more than 10 mm from the cell body. Windows are angled 11° off of normal and have a 2° interior wedge to prevent back-reflection and etalon effects.

Rb) Reference Cell. These flame-sealed cells contain a small amount of solid, 98% chemically pure, isotopically pure rubidium 87 (Rb) under vacuum. The concentration of rubidium in the vapor phase may be controlled by heating the cell or cooling the tipoff stem. Operating temperatures typically range from 20-80°C. Rubidium has intermitant strong absorption lines which are used for calibration of tunable lasers and wavelength meters in the range of 6540-48300 cm (207-1529 nm). They may also be used to stabilize laser frequencies via locking to a single strong absorption line. The quartz cell body is cylindrical in shape; outer diameter 19 mm; length 75 mm. The tipoff stem is centered on the cell, protruding not more than 10 mm from the cell body. Windows are angled 11° off of normal and have a 2° interior wedge to prevent back-reflection and etalon effects.

These flame-sealed cells contain a small amount of solid, 98% pure cesium (Cs) under vacuum. The concentration of cesium in the vapor phase may be controlled by heating the cell or cooling the tipoff stem. Operating temperatures typically range from 20-120°C. Cesium has intermitant strong absorption lines which are used for calibration of tunable lasers and wavelength meters in the range of 2770-44050 cm (227-3613 nm). They may also be used to stabilize laser frequencies via locking to a single strong absorption line. The quartz cell body is cylindrical in shape; outer diameter 19 mm; length 75 mm. The tipoff stem is centered on the cell, protruding not more than 10 mm from the cell body. Windows are angled 11° off of normal and have a 2° interior wedge to prevent back-reflection and etalon effects.

) Reference Cell. These flame-sealed cells contain 400 Torr of 99.9% pure methane (CH) at room temperature. They are used for calibration of tunable lasers in the 430-1050 nm range. While most of the absorption lines are very weak, except in the ranges of 3050-3650 nm, the alkane C-H stretch region, and 7275-8300 nm, the C-H bend region, the lines are highly accurate due to the high symmetry and simplicity of methane. The quartz cell body is cylindrical in shape; outer diameter 10 mm; length 75 mm. The tipoff stem is centered on the cell, protruding not more than 8 mm from the cell body. Windows are angled 11° off of normal and have a 2° interior wedge to prevent back-reflection and etalon effects.

) Reference Cell. These flame-sealed cells contain 600 Torr of 99.9% pure ethane (C) at room temperature. They are used for calibration of tunable lasers around 2750-3275 cm (3050-3650 nm) with a high density of well characterized lines in the alkane C-H stretch region. The quartz cell body is cylindrical in shape; outer diameter 10 mm; length 75 mm. The tipoff stem is centered on the cell, protruding not more than 8 mm from the cell body. Windows are angled 11° off of normal and have a 2° interior wedge to prevent back-reflection and etalon effects.

) Reference Cell. These flame-sealed cells contain 100 Torr of 99.9% pure propane (C) at room temperature. They are used for calibration of tunable lasers around 2500-3375 cm (2950-4000 nm). Propane exhibits many strong and well characterized absorption lines in the C-H stretch region, more than methane or ethane, and over a wider frequency range. However, the line density may be too high to be useful in near the center of the absorption feature for some experimental setups. The quartz cell body is cylindrical in shape; outer diameter 10 mm; length 75 mm. The tipoff stem is centered on the cell, protruding not more than 8 mm from the cell body. Windows are angled 11° off of normal and have a 2° interior wedge to prevent back-reflection and etalon effects.

) Reference Cell. These flame-sealed cells contain 600 Torr of 99.9% pure ethylene (C) at room temperature. They are used for calibration of tunable lasers around 2900-3250 cm (3075-3650 nm). Ethylene's spectral features are especially useful for spectroscopic calibration of other alkenes or C-H stretch transitions. The quartz cell body is cylindrical in shape; outer diameter 10 mm; length 50 mm. The tipoff stem is centered on the cell, protruding not more than 8 mm from the cell body. Windows are angled 11° off of normal and have a 2° interior wedge to prevent back-reflection and etalon effects.

) Reference Cell. These flame-sealed cells contain 50 Torr of 99.9% chemically pure, isotopically pure 12C acetylene () at room temperature. They are used for calibration of tunable lasers around 3200-3350 cm (2985-3125 nm). Acetylene's spectral features are especially useful for spectroscopic calibration of other alkynes or C-H stretch transitions. Acetylene is also a NIST Telecom Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2517a. The quartz cell body is cylindrical in shape; outer diameter 10 mm; length 50 mm. The tipoff stem is centered on the cell, protruding not more than 8 mm from the cell body. Windows are angled 11° off of normal and have a 2° interior wedge to prevent back-reflection and etalon effects.

) Reference Cell. These flame-sealed cells contain 50 Torr of 99.9% chemically pure, isotopically pure 13C acetylene () at room temperature. They are used for calibration of tunable lasers around 3200-3350 cm (2985-3125 nm). Acetylene's spectral features are especially useful for spectroscopic calibration of other alkynes or C-H stretch transitions. Acetylene is also a NIST Telecom Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2517a. The quartz cell body is cylindrical in shape; outer diameter 10 mm; length 50 mm. The tipoff stem is centered on the cell, protruding not more than 8 mm from the cell body. Windows are angled 11° off of normal and have a 2° interior wedge to prevent back-reflection and etalon effects.

O) Reference Cell. These flame-sealed cells contain 600 Torr of 99.9% chemically pure, isotopically pure 12C, 16O carbon monoxide (O) at room temperature. They are used for calibration of tunable lasers around 4150-4350 cm (2300-2410 nm). Carbon monoxide is a NIST Telecom Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2515. The quartz cell body is cylindrical in shape; outer diameter 10 mm; length 150 mm. The tipoff stem is centered on the cell, protruding not more than 8 mm from the cell body. Windows are angled 11° off of normal and have a 2° interior wedge to prevent back-reflection and etalon effects.

O) Reference Cell. These flame-sealed cells contain 600 Torr of 99.9% chemically pure, isotopically pure 13C, 16O carbon monoxide (O) at room temperature. They are used for calibration of tunable lasers around 4150-4350 and 6120-6270 cm (1595-1635, 2300-2410 nm). Carbon monoxide is a NIST Telecom Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2515. The quartz cell body is cylindrical in shape; outer diameter 10 mm; length 150 mm. The tipoff stem is centered on the cell, protruding not more than 8 mm from the cell body. Windows are angled 11° off of normal and have a 2° interior wedge to prevent back-reflection and etalon effects.

) Reference Cell. These flame-sealed cells contain 100 Torr of 99.9% pure carbon dioxide (CO) at room temperature. They are used for calibration of tunable lasers around 3500-3750 cm (2665-2855 nm). The quartz cell body is cylindrical in shape; outer diameter 10 mm; length 50 mm. The tipoff stem is centered on the cell, protruding not more than 8 mm from the cell body. Windows are angled 11° off of normal and have a 2° interior wedge to prevent back-reflection and etalon effects.

O) Reference Cell. These flame-sealed cells contain a small amount of 98% pure water (HO) vapor. The concentration of water in the vapor phase may be controlled by heating the cell or cooling the tipoff stem. Operating temperatures typically range from -10-100°C. Water has a strong vibrational X band absorption which is used for calibration of tunable lasers and wavelength meters in the range of 3450-4000 cm (2500-2900 nm). The quartz cell body is cylindrical in shape; outer diameter 19 mm; length 75 mm. The tipoff stem is centered on the cell, protruding not more than 10 mm from the cell body. Windows are angled 11° off of normal and have a 2° interior wedge to prevent back-reflection and etalon effects.

) Reference Cell. These flame-sealed cells contain a small amount of isotopically pure Tellurium 130 () under vacuum. The cells must be heated to about 550°C to obtain proper vapor pressure of Tellurium 130. Mirrored surfaces will clarify as the Tellurium vaporizes at elevated temperature. They are used for calibration of tunable lasers in the range of 18520-23810 cm (420-540 nm). The quartz cell body is cylindrical in shape; outer diameter 25 mm; length 100 mm. The tipoff stem is centered on the cell, protruding not more than 15 mm from the cell body.

) Reference Cell. These flame-sealed cells contain a small amount of solid, 98% pure iodine (I) under vacuum. The concentration of iodine in the vapor phase may be controlled by heating the cell or cooling the tipoff stem. Operating temperatures typically range from 20-70°C. Iodine reference cells are used for calibration of tunable lasers and wavelength meters in the range of 11000-20000 cm (500-910 nm). They may also be used to stabilize laser frequencies via locking to a single absorption line. The quartz cell body is cylindrical in shape; outer diameter 20 mm; length 100 mm. The tipoff stem is centered on the cell, protruding not more than 10 mm from the cell body. Windows are angled 11° off of normal and have a 2° interior wedge to prevent back-reflection and etalon effects.

The spectral atlas is used for calibration of tunable lasers in the 420-540 nm range.

These cross-shaped low-pressure gas cells contain Nitrous Oxide (NO) in balance of Nitrogen and are often used for nonlinear laser spectroscopy of nitric oxide for the study and production of vacuum ultraviolet VUV harmonic generation. The non-linear process arises from the non-zero elements of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility ((3)) and is a four-wave sum mixing into the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV). These low-pressure Nitrous Oxide (NO) gas cells can also be used as a wavelength reference which provide precice defined absorbtion spectrums. These cells are commonly used in spectroscopic applications such as tunable diode laser calibration, stabilization of laser frequencies, and calibration of wavelength meters.

These cross-shaped low-pressure gas cells contain Krypton (Kr) in balance of Nitrogen and are often used for nonlinear laser spectroscopy of Krypton for the study and production of vacuum ultraviolet VUV harmonic generation. The non-linear process arises from the non-zero elements of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility ((3)) and is a four-wave sum mixing into the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV). These low-pressure Krypton (Kr) gas cells can also be used as a wavelength reference which provide precice defined absorbtion spectrums. The gas cell can be exposed to RF discharge to form Krypton ions which absord and emit finger print radiation. These cells are commonly used in spectroscopic applications such as tunable diode laser calibration, stabilization of laser frequencies, monochromator, spectrograph, and calibration of wavelength meters.